ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻāpana i ke kaʻina hana, e hele i ka forging, rolling, punching, huli, wili, wela wela a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻano kīnā āpau.ʻO kēia ka ʻelima mau hemahema maʻamau i ke kaʻina hana bearing.
1, forging defects - forging folding
Ma muli o ka ʻoki ʻole ʻana i nā mea, burr, lele lele a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe, maʻalahi ke hana ʻana i ka pelu ʻana ma luna o ka ʻili, kahi i ʻike ʻia e ka peʻe mānoanoa, ʻano ʻano ʻole, maʻalahi ke ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pauka fluorescent magnetic no ka ʻike ʻana i nā hemahema e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a maʻalahi ka hōʻike kīnā.Hoʻopaʻa ʻia a pelu ʻia nā hōʻailona magnetika a me ka ʻili i kahi kihi o ka laina, ka ʻāwī a me ka pepa unahi iʻa.
Ua hana ʻia ka ʻāpana kīnā i mau laʻana metallographic a nānā ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope.He poepoe ka huelo hemahema, he laumania na aoao elua, a ua maopopo ke ano oxidation.ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā mea waiwai a me nā kino ʻē aʻe i loko o ka hemahema.Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻakika anu i ka specimen metallographic, ʻo ka ʻāpana kīnā a me kona mau ʻaoʻao ʻelua i decarburization koʻikoʻi a me ka oxidation.Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻili o ka papa kīnā, a ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka plastic, me ka ʻole o ka uhae ʻana i ka morphology haʻihaʻi.Ma o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka microhardness a me ka nānā ʻana i ka metallographic, ua loaʻa ke ʻano hana paʻakikī carburizing ma nā pae like ʻole ma ka ʻili o ka papa kīnā.I ka hopena, pono e noho ka hemahema ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela a me ke kinai ʻana, a kamaʻilio pū me ka honua o waho, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
2, forging defects - forging overburn
E hiki mai ka wela ke ki'eki'e loa ka mahana ho'omehana forging a lō'ihi loa ka manawa pa'a.I nā hihia koʻikoʻi, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka palena o ka palaoa a i ʻole ka heheʻe.Hōʻike ka nānā ʻana i ka microscopic i ka palena o ka metala o ka ʻili o ka ʻili i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a nahā me ka Angle ʻoi.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomaka e heheʻe nā palena o ka palaoa ma nā wahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano o loko o ka metala, a i nā hihia koʻikoʻi, ua hana ʻia nā ana kikoʻī.Hoʻopili ʻia ka mea i puhi ʻia i loko o kēia kūlana kīnā, i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hāmare koʻikoʻi, kuʻi a wili ʻia, a e haehae ʻia ke kīnā ma ʻaneʻi, e hana ana i kahi kīnā nui aʻe.Ua like ka ʻili ʻalani i hoʻopau ʻia me ka ʻili ʻalani me nā māwae maikaʻi a me ka ʻili oxide mānoanoa.
Pono e hoʻohana i ka pauka fluorescent magnetic no ka ʻike ʻana i nā hemahema e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hōʻike kīnā.Hoʻokumu ʻia nā lua ma muli o ke ahi ʻana i nā hemahema i ka hana ʻana.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka microscopic o nā laʻana metallographic i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāpana kīnā i hōʻike ʻia ua māhele ʻia nā puka ma ka ʻili a me ka ʻili lua.He angular nā puka ma kekahi mau ʻāpana, he ʻokoʻa ka nui a ʻaʻohe lalo i ka hohonu.Loaʻa nā māwae maikaʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao a me nā palena o ka palaoa ma kekahi mau wahi.Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻili o ka haʻihaʻi ma hope o ka haki ʻana i nā lua kīnā.Ua ʻike ʻia he ʻano pōhaku ka haʻihaʻi, a ua māhele ʻia ka nui o nā lua a me nā micro-cracks ma luna.
3. Ke kinai ʻana i ka māwae
I ke kaʻina hana hoʻopiʻi, ke kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ke ana wela a i ʻole ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke koʻikoʻi o loko ma mua o ka ikaika haʻihaʻi o ka mea, e loaʻa nā māwae.
Pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻāpana fluorescent e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka naʻau a me ka hilinaʻi.He oblique, poepoe, dendritic a reticular paha na hoailona makeke o ka hoopau ana i na hemahema, me ke kulana mua akea a e hoemi malie ana ma ka aoao hooloihi.
Basically ma ka circumferential kuhikuhi mahele, huelo tapering.Ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka māwae e hana i ka laʻana metallographic, hiki ke ʻike ʻia he hohonu loa ka māwae, pili pono i ka ʻili o waho, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohui a me nā kino ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i loko o ka māwae.Ua ʻike ʻia he palupalu ka haʻihaʻi a he pyrochromatic ka ʻili o ka haʻi.
4, wili hewa
I ke kaʻina hana hoʻopiʻi, ke kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ke ana wela a i ʻole ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke koʻikoʻi o loko ma mua o ka ikaika haʻihaʻi o ka mea, e loaʻa nā māwae.
Pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻāpana fluorescent e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka naʻau a me ka hilinaʻi.He oblique, poepoe, dendritic a reticular paha na hoailona makeke o ka hoopau ana i na hemahema, me ke kulana mua akea a e hoemi malie ana ma ka aoao hooloihi.
Basically ma ka circumferential kuhikuhi mahele, huelo tapering.Ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka māwae e hana i ka laʻana metallographic, hiki ke ʻike ʻia he hohonu loa ka māwae, pili pono i ka ʻili o waho, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohui a me nā kino ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i loko o ka māwae.Ua ʻike ʻia he palupalu ka haʻihaʻi a he pyrochromatic ka ʻili o ka haʻi.
5. Nā hemahema o nā mea maka
Ma ke kaʻina wili o nā ʻāpana, maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i nā māwae ma muli o ka nui o ka hānai ʻana o ka huila wili, ka pau ʻana o ke kumu huila one, lawa ʻole ka ʻoki ʻana i ka wai a me ka wili palaoa wiliwili.Eia kekahi, i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wela hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ka hopena i ka wela nui o nā ʻāpana, nā kīʻaha coarse, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke koena austenite volume, mesh a me nā ʻāpana coarse.
ʻO nā hōʻailona magnetic o nā pōʻino wili ʻia ma ke ʻano maʻamau, radial, linear parallel a i ʻole māwae.ʻOi aku ka lahilahi a me ka ʻoi o nā māka magnetic, me kahi ʻano kikoʻī a me ka nui o ia mau mea, e kū mau ana i ka ʻaoʻao wili.Hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia nā māka magnetic ma ka ʻaoʻao waena, ma ka ʻaoʻao circumferential, i ke ʻano o kahi laina lōʻihi a i ʻole dendritic, ʻāpana bifurcation, convergence hōʻailona magnetic.
Ua ʻike ʻia ua maikaʻi ka ʻāpana māwae a kū pololei i ka ʻili.ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā mea waiwai, ka unahi oxide a me nā kino ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻāpana māwae.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-20-2022